Institutional Theory and Rural Connectivity: Examining the Interplay of ESG Strategies and Regulatory Frameworks in Zimbabwe

Abstract

This paper investigates how telecommunications companies in Zimbabwe can leverage environmental, social, and governance (ESG) strategies to expand mobile broadband connectivity in rural areas sustainably. Using an institutional theory lens, it examines the interactions between corporate priorities and national regulatory frameworks affecting rural access outcomes. Through qualitative interviews with telecom executives, policymakers, and rural residents, the study explores current ESG practices, implementation barriers, and opportunities for progress in Zimbabwe's connectivity landscape. Key findings show inadequate policy mechanisms, infrastructure limitations, and multi-stakeholder coordination issues hindering sustainable rural coverage growth. However, infrastructure sharing models, participatory design with communities, and supportive funding and incentives emerge as potential solutions. Ultimately, updated legal guidelines and collaborative governance ecosystems are essential for reconciling commercial viability with ethical universal access commitments. The research offers practical guidance on reforming context-appropriate connectivity policies and regulations to close persisting digital divides.